A new paper on James Parkinson’s neglected 19th century contributions to crinoid paleontology

About three years I became curious as to who the “Parkinson” was of Parkinson’s Disease. I found the Wikipedia entry for the man, and its first sentence is: “James Parkinson FGS (11 April 1755 – 21 December 1824) was an English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist, and political activist.”

Wait. What? Palaeontologist? The man who described in detail “the shaking palsy” (Parkinson, 1817) so well that the disease was later named for him was also a paleontologist? Why did I not know this? I looked him up in a few handy histories of paleontology and found nothing until I dug deep into the historical literature. I asked my paleontologist friends if they knew Parkinson was one of ours — no one had a clue. There must be a story here.

Of course, many science historians do know about Parkinson’s career in paleontology, and some have described it in detail. One of the best and most readable accounts is by Cherry Lewis (2017). For some reason, though, Parkinson the Paleontologist has slipped out of sight for several generations of his disciplinary community. Why?

I approached my good friends and colleagues Bill Ausich (Ohio State University) and Caroline Buttler (National Museum of Wales) and we teamed up to address Parkinson’s paleontological contributions. Because Bill is one of the world’s top experts on fossil crinoids, and crinoids were a favorite of Parkinson, we started with this group of echinoderms. Just this week our first paper appeared in the journal Earth Sciences History (Ausich et al., 2025). This is a granular account of Parkinson and crinoids, so it is a bit esoteric to most readers. For a broader view of Parkinson the Paleontologist, please see this blog entry describing a presentation we gave in 2024. Everything below comes from Ausich et al. (2025).

ABSTRACT

James Parkinson (1755–1824) was a late 18th and early 19th century apothecary surgeon. In addition to medicine, he published on other topics such as radical politics and paleontology. His paleontological monographs were important during the transitional period when fossils came to be regarded as the remains of once living organisms and were disentangled from Biblical explanations of their origins and distribution. Parkinson published on plants, invertebrates, and vertebrate fossils. Although his work on crinoids was regarded as significant during the 19th century, it has largely been forgotten in the 21st century. Parkinson’s observations led him to interpret crinoids as animals, which was reflected in his morphological terminology, and he expanded crinoid classification beyond that based solely on columnals and pluricolumnals. However, Parkinson’s morphological terminology, like that of many 19th century students of crinoids, did not reflect homology; and he did not apply a Linnean crinoid taxonomy. Despite what is now regarded as inadequate morphological terminology and an obsolete classification scheme, James Parkinson’s significant contributions to the study of crinoids should not be forgotten.

The title page of the first volume of Parkinson’s best known paleontological work: Organic Remains of a Former World (Parkinson, 1804).

Title page for Outlines of Oryctology. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains (Parkinson, 1821a). Parkinson intended this to be the equivalent of a paleontological textbook for students.

Crinoids illustrated in Parkinson (1808). These plates were remarkably detailed for the time. Note that the crinoid head indicated as b is upside-down.

Crinoids illustrated in Parkinson (1808), with the exception of e and f, which are related stemmed echinoderms now called blastoids.

For the details of this story, please see the original article: Ausich, Wilson and Buttler (2025).

References: (I’ve listed all of Parkinson’s paleontological writing for the record.)

Ausich, W.I., Wilson, M.A. and Buttler, C.J. 2025. The lost legacy of James Parkinson’s work on the Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Earth Sciences History 44: 421-439.

Lewis, C. 2017. The Enlightened Mr. Parkinson: The Pioneering Life of a Forgotten English Surgeon. Icon Books.

Parkinson J. 1804. Organic Remains of a Former World. An Examination of the Mineralized Remains of the Vegetables and Animals of the Antediluvian World; Generally Termed Extraneous Fossils. Volume 1. London: C. Whittingham.

Parkinson J. 1808. Organic Remains of a Former World. An Examination of the Mineralized Remains of the Vegetables and Animals of the Antediluvian World; Generally Termed Extraneous Fossils. Volume 2. London: C. Whittingham.

Parkinson, J. 1811a. Organic Remains of a Former World. An Examination of the Mineralized Remains of the Vegetables and Animals of the Antediluvian World; Generally Termed Extraneous Fossils. Volume 3. London: C. Whittingham.

Parkinson, J. 1811b. XIV. Observations on some of the strata in the neighbourhood of London, and on the fossil remains contained in them. Transactions of the Geological Society of London 1(1): 324‒354.

Parkinson J. 1817. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. London: Whittingham and Rowland for Sherwood, Neely and Jones, 66 pp.

Parkinson J. 1821a. Outlines of Oryctology. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains. London: W. Phillips.

Parkinson, J. 1821b. V. Remarks on the fossils collected by Mr. Phillips near Dover and Folkstone. Transactions of the Geological Society of London 5(1): 52‒59.

Source: https://woostergeologists.scotblogs.wooster.edu/2025/11/24/a-new-paper-on-james-parkinsons-neglected-19th-century-contributions-to-crinoid-paleontology/